Italian Degree of Comparison Adjectives

Gradi dell'Aggettivo in Italiano

There are three types of degree of comparison adjectives in Italian: positivo (positive), comparativo (comparative), and superlativo (superlative).

Positive Adjectives (Aggettivi di Grado Positivo)
Italian positive adjectives are those that do not provide any comparison:

Il clima è mite.
The climate is mild.

La poltrona è comoda.
The seat is comfortable.

Comparative Adjectives (Aggettivi di Grado Comparativo)
An adjective is comparative when it expresses a comparison between people, animals, things, different degrees of quality, or diverse actions. With respect to the type of comparison offered, the comparative can be:

  • of maggioranza—expressed by the adverb più (placed before the adjective) and the preposition di or the conjunction che (placed before the second term of comparison):

Piero è più studioso di Andrea.
Piero is more studious than Andrea.

Carlo è più pigro che volenteroso.
Charles is more lazy than eager.

NOTE: Che is preferred instead of da before an adjective, participle, or infinitive.

  • of uguaglianza, expressed by the correlative adverbs (tanto)…quanto, (così)…come:

Giulia è (tanto) bella quanto sua madre.
Julia is as beautiful as her mother.

Marco è (tanto) gentile quanto premuroso.
Mark is as gentle as he is thoughtful.

Luigi è (così) alto come Giorgio.
Luigi is as tall as George.

  • of minoranza —expressed by the adverb meno (placed before the adjective) and the preposition di or the conjunction che (placed before the second term of comparison):

Sono meno paziente di te.
I'm less patient than you.

Ti considero meno volenteroso che intelligente.
I consider you less eager than intelligent.

NOTE: The comparatives of maggioranza and minoranza can sometimes be modified, reinforced, or weakened by the adverbs molto, poco, troppo, assai, tanto, alquanto, parecchio, and un po':

Mario è poco più grande del fratello.
Mario is not much bigger than his brother.

Sono molto meno stanco di te.
I am much less tired than you.

Superlative Adjectives (Aggettivi di Grado Superlativo)
Superlative adjectives indicate an exceptional or extraordinary quality. The superlative degree may be assoluto (absolute) or relativo (relative):

  • assoluto when it offers no comparison with other people or things or qualities. It is formed:

» by adding the ending issimo to the adjective

dolce—dolcissimo—dolcissimi
amara—amarissima—amarissime

NOTE: The adjectives ending in co and go retain or lose their guttural sound according to the relevant rules of plural formation:

ricco—ricchissimo
pratico—pratichissimo

NOTE: adjectives ending in io, in which the i is tonic, keep the letter in the superlative form:

pio—piissimo

NOTE: adjectives ending in io, in which the i is atonic, lose that letter in the superlative form:

saggio— saggissimo

» in a few instances by adding the ending errimo to the adjective:

acre—acerrimo

aspro—asperrimo (asprissimo)

celebre—celeberrimo

integro—integerrimo

misero—miserrimo (miserissimo)

» by adding the ending entissimo to adjectives that end in dico, fico, or vole:

benefico—beneficentissimo

benevolo—benevolentissimo

maledico—maledicentissimo

malevolo—malevolentissimo

magnifico—magnificentissimo

munifico—munificentissimo

» by repetition of the adjective:

un cane piccolo piccolo
a small dog

un'andatura lenta lenta
a slow pace

» prefacing the adjective with adverbs such as molto, assai, estremamente, straordinariamente, enormemente, or oltremodo:

un libro molto interessante
a very interesting book

una gita assai movimentata
a very eventful trip

un film estremamente realistico
an extremely realistic film

» placing phrases as quanto mai or oltre ogni dire before or after the adjective:

una giornata quanto mai noiosa
a very annoying day

un uomo abitudinario oltre ogni dire
a creature of habit beyond words

» by adding prefixes such as arci, extra, iper, sopra, sovra, stra, super, or ultra:

un'opera arcinota
a very well-known work

una matita extrafine
extra-fine pencil

un giornalista ipercritico
a hypercritical journalist

uno sforzo sovrumano
a superhuman effort

un uomo straricco
an extremely rich man

un motore superpotenze
a super-powerful engine

una politica ultraconservatrice
an ultra-conservative politician

» with the use of expressions that reinforce the meaning of the adjective:

bello da impazzire
so good-looking that it makes one crazy

matto da legare
mad as a hatter

pazzo furioso
madman

ricco sfondato
filthy rich

stanco morto
dead tired

ubriaco fradicio
blind drunk, smashed, blotto

  • relativo when it indicates an exceptional or extraordinary quality; however, it must be in relation to a defined group or restricted to people or things of the same kind. It is formed:

» by prefacing the comparativo di maggioranza or comparativo di minoranza with a definite article and placing a term such as di, tra, or che before the second term of comparison:

il più serio tra i colleghi
the most serious among colleagues

il meno spiritoso della compagnia
the least witty of the group

NOTE:

» the definite article may precede the noun instead of the relative superlative:

Quello è il treno più veloce del mondo.
That is the fastest train in the world.

Quel treno è il più veloce del mondo.
That train is the fastest in the world.

» the second term of comparison can be implied:

Carlo è il più fortunato (tra gli amici, i colleghi)
Charles is the luckiest (among friends, colleagues)

  • There are some aggettivi qualificativi (qualifying adjectives) that, in addition to the normal form of the comparative and superlative, have a Latin-derived form that is preferred in figurative expressions (see table below):

la cima più alta
the highest peak

il somma poeta
the great poet

il più piccolo sforzo
the smallest effort

la minima importanza
the least significant

  • There are some adjectives that lack the positive (grado positive) and other forms:

POSITIVO   COMPARATIVO   SUPERLATIVO ASSOLUTO
—   —   primo
—   anteriore   —
—   posteriore   postumo
—   ulteriore   ultimo

Il primo dell'anno (il giorno che precede tutti gli altri)
The first of the year (the day that precedes all the others)

i fatti anteriori all'accaduto (precedenti)
the facts prior to the incident

le zampe anteriori del cavallo (davanti)
the forelegs of the horse

un documento posteriore (successivo)
a subsequent document

le zampe posteriori (di dietro)
the hind legs

un'opera postuma (pubblicata dopo la morte)
a posthumous work

ulteriori chiarimenti (successivi e aggiuntivi)
further clarifications

l'ultimo treno (che viene dopo tutti gli altri)
the last train (which comes after all the others)

l'ultima casa della strada (la più lontana)
the last house on the street (the farthest)

Adjectives that lack a comparative and superlative form include:

» adjectives that indicate material characteristics or qualities:

chimico
chemical

romboidale
rhomboidal

iron
ferreo

» adjectives that indicate time periods:

giornaliero
daily

settimanale
weekly

mensile
monthly

» adjectives expressing nationalities, religions, or political beliefs:

statunitense
U.S.

protestante
Protestant

comunista
Communist

» adjectives already altered:

grassoccio
plump

piccolino
little one

grandicello
grown-ups

ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF AGGETTIVI QUALIFICATIVI

POSITIVO COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO ASSOLUTO
alto superiore sommo/supremo
basso inferiore infimo
buono migliore ottimo
cattivo peggiore pessimo
grande maggiore massimo
piccolo minore minimo
interno interiore intimo
esterno esteriore estremo
vicino (viciniore) prossimo
Format
mla apa chicago
Your Citation
Filippo, Michael San. "Italian Degree of Comparison Adjectives." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/italian-degree-of-comparison-adjectives-2011431. Filippo, Michael San. (2023, April 5). Italian Degree of Comparison Adjectives. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-degree-of-comparison-adjectives-2011431 Filippo, Michael San. "Italian Degree of Comparison Adjectives." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-degree-of-comparison-adjectives-2011431 (accessed April 16, 2024).